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Introduction

Android is an Operating System for mobile devices developed past Google in 2007, which is congenital upon a Linux kernel. Android competes with Apple'southward iOS (for iPhone/iPad), Microsoft's Windows Telephone, and many other proprietary mobile OSes.

The latest Android supports Phone/Tablet, TV, Wearable (watch and glass), Automobile and Internet of things (IoT).

Android Platform

Android is based on Linux with a set of native core C/C++ libraries. Android applications are written in Java. However, they run on Android's own Java Virtual Car, chosen Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) (instead of JDK's JVM) which is optimized to operate on the small and mobile devices.

In May 2017, Google appear support for a new Kotlin programming language. As y'all are familiar with Java, you probably should outset in Java (many of the examples out there are written in Java), and then move into Kotlin. Kotlin will not be discussed in this article.

The mother site for Android is https://world wide web.android.com. For programmers and developers, visit https://developer.android.com to download the SDK, Android Training, API Guides and API documentation.

Installing "Android Studio IDE" and "Android SDK"

Installing Android software is probably the most challenging part of this project. Information technology takes times - from 30 minutes to n hours to forever - depending on your luck, your programming knowledge, and your PC. You probably demand a fairly decent PC (with 8GB RAM) and 10GB of free disk space to run the Android emulator!!! Running on "bodily" Android phone/tablet requires much lesser resources.

Stride 0: Pre-Installation Check List

1. Before installing Android SDK, you lot need to install Java Development Kit (JDK). Read "How to install JDK". Ensure that your JDK is at or above one.8. Yous can check your JDK version with control "javac -version" (compiler) and "java -version"(runtime).
2. Uninstall older version(s) of "Android Studio" and "Android SDK", if any.
3. The installation and many operations take a LONG time to consummate. Practise Not stare at your screen or at the ceiling. Browse through the "Android for Developers" @ https://programmer.android.com.
4. We need to install two HUGE packages:
   1. Android Studio (IDE) (about 1.vi GB), which is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) based on IntelliJ (a pop Java IDE); and
   2. Android SDK (Software Development Kit) (about 5 GB) for developing and running Android apps.

Step 1: Install "Android Studio IDE"

Reference: "Install Android Studio" @ https://developer.android.com/studio/install.

(For Windows)

1. Check that environment variable JAVA_HOME is set to the JDK installation directory via command "set up JAVA_HOME". Otherwise, Follow the steps HERE.
2. Check the system requirements for Android Studio/SDK @ https://programmer.android.com/studio#Requirements e.g., For Windows 10, 8GB of RAM, 8GB of disk space, and 1280x800 minimum screen resolution. Take notation that you should have enough infinite on C bulldoze. Insufficient infinite on C drive will take yous many days.
3. Goto "Android Studio" under "Android Developers" @ https://developer.android.com/studio ⇒ Click "Download Android Studio" (Android Studio Bumblebee 2021.x.ten for Windows 64-bit (872MiB)) to download the executable installer "android-studio-2021.ten.10.xx-windows.exe".
4. Run the downloaded installer ⇒ You may watch a short video @ https://developer.android.com/studio/install.
   1. In "Cull Components", select "Android Studio" and "Android Virtual Device" (space required: 2.7GB).
   2. In "Configuration Settings Install Location", accept the default "C:\Program Files\Android\Android Studio".
   3. In "Choose Start Menu Folder", accept the default ⇒ Install.
   4. Launch Android Studio. Continue to Pace 2.

by default, the "Android Studio IDE" will be installed in "C:\Program Files\Android\Android Studio", and the "Android SDK" in "c:\Users\ username \AppData\Local\Android\Sdk".

Notes (SKIP): You tin also use the ZIP version: Download the Windows 64-bit ZIP version (about 1.5GB) ⇒ UNZIP into a folder of your option ⇒ Run "bin\studio64.exe" to launch the Android Studio ⇒ It volition enter the "setup" for the starting time launch ⇒ "Practise not Import Settings" ⇒ In "Welcome", click "Side by side" ⇒ In "Install Blazon", cull "Custom" (so that you tin see what is going on) ⇒ In "Select Default JDK Location", use default ⇒ In "Select UI Theme", choose one that you similar ⇒ In "SDK Components Setup", select "Android Virtual Device (1.05GB) ⇒ Take note of the "Android SDK Location" with default of "C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk" ⇒ In "Emulator Settings", use default ⇒ In "Verify Settings", check the settings and choose "Finish" ⇒ In "Download Components", click "Details" and check that cipher fails ⇒ Wait ⇒ Look ⇒ Wait.

(For macOS)

1. Check the arrangement requirements @ https://programmer.android.com/studio#Requirements e.g., macOS 10.14 or higher, 8GB of RAM, 8GB of disk infinite, and 1280x800 minimum screen resolution.
2. Goto "Android Developer" under "Android Developers" @ https://developer.android.com/index.html ⇒ Click "Download Options" ⇒ For Intel processor, choose "Mac (64-chip) Android-studio-2021.x.x.xx-mac.dmg (928MiB)"; for Apple M1 ARM processor, choose "Mac (64-bit, ARM) Android-studio-2021.x.x.x-mac_arm.dmg (925MiB)".
3. Launch the downloaded ".dmg" installation file ⇒ You may scout a brusk video @ https://programmer.android.com/studio/install.
4. Drag and drib Android Studio into the "Applications" folder. Continue to Step 2.

The "Android SDK" will exist installed in "~/Library/Android/sdk", where ~ denotes your dwelling directory.

Note: If y'all see a alarm that says "the package is damaged and should be moved to the trash", goto "System Preferences" ⇒ Security & Privacy ⇒ nether "Permit applications downloaded from" ⇒ select "Anywhere". And then run over again.

Footstep 2: Installing Android SDK

This step takes a long time as you need to download about 3GB of nix information, and aggrandize to five GB of disk data, even for the minimum configuration.

Annotation: You can actually copy the SDK from another computer with the same OS.

(For Windows and macOS)

1. Launch Android Studio ⇒ Information technology volition run the "setup" sorcerer for the first launch.
   1. Choose "do not import previous settings", and wait...
   2. In "Welcome", choose "next".
   3. In "Install Type", choose "Standard" (default).
   4. In "Select UI Theme", cull i that you lot like (or default).
   5. In "Verify Settings", take annotation of the SDK directory (by default @ c:\Users\ username \AppData\Local\Android\Sdk for Windows, "~/Library/Android/sdk" for macOS):

      Setup Type: Standard SDK Binder: C:\Users\xxxxxxxx\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk JDK Location: C:\Program Files\Android\Android Studio\jre (Note: Gradle may exist using JAVA_HOME when invoked from command line. More info...) Total Download Size: ane.75 GB  SDK Components to Download:  Android Emulator                                 329 MB Android SDK Build-Tools 32                       54.i MB Android SDK Build-Tools 32.1-rc1                 52.i MB Android SDK Platform 32                          63 MB Android SDK Platform-Tools                       11.9 MB Android SDK Tools                                149 MB Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer)  500 KB SDK Patch Applier v4                             i.74 MB

   6. In "License Agreement", Have ALL items ⇒ Finish ⇒ Look ⇒ Await ⇒ Await ⇒ Await ⇒ Wait ⇒ Wait.
2. (For Windows) Employ "File Explorer" to check the SDK installed directory. Accept note that the "AppData" is a hidden directory. You lot demand to cull "View" ⇒ Uncheck "Subconscious Items" to see this directory.
   (For macOS) Use "Finder" to check the SDK installed directory.
3. You can likewise use "Android Studio" to check the SDK packages installed by selecting "More Actions" (or "Configure" in older versions, or "Tools") ⇒ "SDK Manager" ⇒ "Android SDK" (sidebar):
   • Under "SDK Platforms" tab:
     • Android API 32
   • Under "SDK Tools" tab:
     • Android SDK Build Tools 33-rc1
     • Android Emulator
     • Android SDK Platform-Tools (33.0.0)
     • Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer)

Write your Beginning Android App

Android apps are written in Java (or Kotin), and use XML extensively. I shall assume that you accept basic knowledge of Java and XML.

Take annotation that Android emulator is tedious - VERY VERY VERY Boring!!! Exist Patient!!!

Hullo-World

Step 0: Read

Goto "Android Guides" @ https://developer.android.com/guide/index.html. Read "Build your first app".

Step i: Create a New Android Project

1. Launch "Android Studio".
2. Choose "New Projection".
3. Under "Template" ⇒ select "Phone and Tablet" tab ⇒ select "Empty Activity" ⇒ Adjacent.
4. In "Create a new empty action" ⇒ Set "Name" to "Hello Android" (this will be the "Title" in your phone's app carte du jour) ⇒ The "Package proper noun" and "Salvage Location" volition be updated automatically ⇒ In "Language", select "Java" ⇒ Leave the "Minimum API Level" and the remainder to default ⇒ Finish.
5. Exist patient! It could take a few minutes to prepare your first app. Lookout the "progress bar" at the bottom condition bar and Zzzzzzzzz...... If you lot see "ii processes running", y'all can click on it to see the details. One time the progress bar indicates completion, a working hello-globe app is created by default.

Step two: Setup Emulator (aka Android Virtual Device or AVD)

Reference: "Create and manage virtual devices" @ https://developer.android.com/studio/run/managing-avds

Note: The older versions of Android Studio called the "emulator" "Android Virtual Device" or "AVD".

To run your Android app under an emulator, yous need to first create an Android Virtual Devices (AVD). An AVD emulates a specific mobile device (e.k., your zPone 38 or Taimi Green).

1. In Android studio, select "Tools" ⇒ "Device Manager" (or "AVD Manager" in before versions).
2. Under "Virtual", click "Create Device".
3. In "Choose a device definition" ⇒ In "Category", choose "Phone" ⇒ In "Name", cull "Pixel 2" (or ....) ⇒ Side by side.
4. In "Select a System Prototype" ⇒ On the default "Recommended", click "Download" ⇒ End, and wait...
5. In "Verify Configuration" ⇒ Finish.
6. If y'all see "VT-x is disabled in BIOS": Check your BIOS setting to ensure that "Virtualization Technology" is enabled. Shutdown and re-boot your PC to enter the BIOS setup. This is machine dependent. Google "Your-PC-brand-and-model enter BIOS setup". For instance, for my HP reckoner ⇒ Boot ⇒ "ESC" to enter BIOS setup ⇒ Advanced ⇒ System Options ⇒ Check "Virtualization Engineering (VTx)" ⇒ Salve ⇒ Exit.

Pace 3: Run the Android App on Emulator

1. Select the "Run" menu ⇒ "Run app" ⇒ Wait.... (In older versions, you may need to go "Available Virtual Devices" and select the AVD created earlier).
2. You MAY BE prompted to install Intel HAXM (Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager). Follow the instruction to install HAXM.
3. Be patient! It may accept a few MINUTES to fire up the app on the emulator. The status shows "Gradle build running". Once build completes, the emulator will be launched. You first see a blank screen ⇒ wait ⇒ Google logo ⇒ wait ⇒ G ⇒ wait ⇒ "Android" ⇒ Dwelling house screen ⇒ "Hi, world!" message.
   If you have problem running on the emulator, I suggest you effort to run on an bodily Android Phone, if you take one. Goto adjacent step.
4. In the "Emulator" pane, select "Settings" ⇒ "View Way" ⇒ "Bladder".
5. Push the "HOME" button of the emulator ⇒ In the app menu, search for "Hi Android" app that we have just installed.
6. Practise Non CLOSE THE EMULATOR , as it really takes a long time to outset. You could always re-run the app (or run a new app) on the aforementioned emulator. Endeavor re-run the "Hello Android" app by selecting "Run" card ⇒ "Run app".

Mutual Errors:

1. If everything fails, select "File" menu ⇒ "Invalidate Caches / Restart..." ⇒ and wait ...
2. Cannot find " AVD managing director " in the " Tool " card: You take missing packages. You should accept a window with Gradle alert with a link which yous can click and yous volition see a window with a prompt to download missing packages. When all stuff downloaded the "ADV manager" should be enabled.
3. If y'all get an error message "Neglect to find target with hash string 'android-26'". Either click the link "Install missing platform(s) and sync project" to install API-26 (another GB download!); or Under "Gradle Scripts" ⇒ Open "build.gradle (Module: app)" ⇒ Alter "compileSdkVersion" and "targetSdkVersion" from 26 to 27 (we have installed API-27) and "com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.ten.ten" to "27.0.0".
4. If you get an error message "Re-download dependencies and sync project (requires network)", click the link to download. If the bulletin appears again:
   • (Windows) Goto "C:\Users\username\.gradle\wrapper\dists" and delete "gradle-ten.ten-all". Take notation the ".gradle" is a subconscious directory and you need to enable viewing of hidden directory.
   • (Macs) Goto "~\.gradle\wrapper\dists" and delete "gradle-x.10-all". Take notation the ".gradle" is a hidden directory and you lot need to enable viewing of hidden directory.
   Restart Android Studio.
   This error is due to poor network condition, resulted in corrupted download.
5. If y'all encountered error " Emulator: ERROR: x86 emulation currently requires hardware acceleration ", Read "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29136173/emulator-error-x86-emulation-currently-requires-hardware-acceleration", (6), and (vii).
6. If you encountered error " HAX is not working... " ⇒ Open "SDK Manager" ⇒ SDK Tools ⇒ Check if "Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM Installer)" is installed ⇒ Goto SDK Location (by default, "C:\Users\your-username\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\extras\intel\Hardware_Accelerated_Execution_Manager" for Windows or "~/Library/Android/sdk/extras/intel/Hardware_Accelerated_Execution_Manager" for macOS) ⇒ run "intelhaxm-android.exe" to install HAXM ⇒ Be patient! The installer may take a while to launch ⇒ Follow the screen instructions to complete the setup.
   Take note that: (a) In Windows, the "AppData" directory is hidden. Yous demand to unhide via "File Explorer" ⇒ "View" menu ⇒ Uncheck "Hidden Items. (b) In macOS, the "Library" folder is hidden. You can unhide via "Finder" ⇒ Go ⇒ Home ⇒ Settings ⇒ Show View Option.
   If the problem persists, remove and then re-install.
7. If yous encountered error " Intel virtualization applied science (VT-x) is not turned on " ⇒ Check your BIOS setting to ensure that "Intel virtualization applied science" is enabled. Shutdown and re-kick your PC to enter the BIOS setup. This is automobile dependent. Google "Your-PC-brand-and-model enter BIOS setup".
   If "Intel virtualization technology" is already enabled, this error is probably caused by your antivirus software. Disable your antivirus for this session and rerun.
   See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21635504/error-during-installing-haxm-vt-x-not-working.
8. If you accept problem creating AVD via "AVD Managing director" (On macOS having error "Studio quit unexpectedly"), open the AVD managing director via command line as follows:

                   cd ~/Library/Android/sdk/tools ./android avd    cd C:\Users\your-username\AppData\Local\Android\sdk\tools android avd

9. If the emulator flashes and disappears, with mistake bulletin "error while loading state for instance 0x0 of device 'goldfish_pipe'", installed a newer version of HAXM @ "C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\extras\intel\Hardware_Accelerated_Execution_Manager\intelhaxm-android.exe".

Stride 4: Run the App on Real Android Phones

Reference: "Run on Real Device" @ https://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/running-app.html#RealDevice.

To run the Android app on a Existent device (Android Phone or Tablet):

1. Connect the real device to your estimator. Make certain that you lot take the "USB Driver" for your device installed on your computer. If not, goto https://developer.android.com/studio/run/oem-usb.html to Install OEM USB Drivers. If you device is non certified at that place, practiced luck! It took me many hours to find a compatible driver for my cheap un-make Tablet.
2. Enable "USB Debugging" mode on your existent device:
   (On Android 4.2/5.0 and newer) Demand to enable "Developer options" via "Settings" ⇒ Nigh Phone ⇒ Software Information (if in that location is one) ⇒ Tap "Build number" seven (seven) times until "Programmer Fashion" is displayed. Return to the "Settings" card to find "Developer options" ⇒ Open "Developer options" ⇒ Enable "USB debugging".
   (On Android 4.0) From "Settings" ⇒ "Programmer options" ⇒ Check "USB Debugging".
   (On Android 3.ii and older) From "Settings" ⇒ "Applications" ⇒ "Development" ⇒ Check "USB Debugging".
   This allows Android SDK to transfer data betwixt your figurer and your device. Besides enable "Unknown source" from "Applications". This allows applications from unknown sources to exist installed on the device.
3. Yous shall see the message "USB Debugging Connected" (or "Let USB debugging") when you plugs the USB cable into your computer.
4. You can find your device under "Tools" ⇒ "Device Manager" ⇒ "Physical". (There is a new pick chosen "Pair with wifi in Andriod Studio 2021. To check!)
5. From Android Studio, select "Run" bill of fare ⇒ "Run app" ⇒ Your device shall be listed under "Choose a running device" ⇒ Select the device ⇒ OK ⇒ "Hullo-world" will appear on your phone.
6. In your telephone's app menu, look for the "Howdy Android" app that nosotros have just installed.

Deleting a Project

To delete a project, select "File" ⇒ "Shut Projection" ⇒ On the "Contempo Projects" ⇒ Hover over the project ⇒ Press "Delete" key on the project to remove the project from Android Studio ⇒ Y'all can then delete the project directory from the file system.

Hello-earth "by Coding"

In that location are 2 ways to create User Interface (UI) on Android:

1. Write Java codes.
2. Layout via XML descriptions and allow the system generates the Java code for you.

Let's begin with writing Java codes (considering y'all have learned Coffee). We shall go along from the "How-do-you-do Android" project created earlier.

MainActivity.java

Expand the "app" node (by clicking on the triangle). Aggrandize the "java" node. Expand the "com.example.helloandroid" bundle node. Open up the "MainActivity.coffee" (which really has already been opened). REPLACE the onCreate() method as follows and add the import statement. Do not bear on the rest of the codes, if any.

package ......;   import ......;          import android.widget.TextView;             public course MainActivity extends ...... {                @Override     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);         TextView textView = new TextView(this);            textView.setText("Hello, from my Java code!");          setContentView(textView);       }               ......     ...... }

Run the application ("Run" ⇒ "Run app"). You shall see the bulletin "Hello, from my Coffee code!" displayed.

Dissecting the "MainActivity.coffee" - Application, Activity & View

An Android application could have one or more than Activity.

An Action, which unremarkably has a screen, is a single, focused thing that the user tin can interact with the application (hence called activity). The MainActivity extends the android.app.Action class (or android.app.AppCompatActivity in the later version), and overrides the onCreate() method. The onCreate() is a call-back method, which is called dorsum by the Android system when the activity is launched.

A View is a UI component (or widget, or control). We construct a TextView (which is a subclass View for showing a text message), and set its text. Nosotros then ready the content-view of the MainActivity screen to this TextView.

Android Application Descriptor File - "AndroidManifest.xml"

Each Android awarding has a manifest file named AndroidManifest.xml under "app" ⇒ "manifests". Information technology describes the Android app.

For example, our "Hi Android" awarding, with an activity chosen MainActivity, has the post-obit manifest (generated automatically by the Android SDK when the project was built):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"          package="com.example.helloandroid" >          <application          android:allowBackup="true"         android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"         android:label="How-do-you-do Android"         android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"         android:supportsRtl="truthful"         android:theme="@manner/AppTheme">          <activity          android:name=".MainActivity">             <intent-filter>                 <activity android:name="android.intent.activity.MAIN" />                 <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />             </intent-filter>         </activity>     </application> </manifest>

• The <manifest> element specifies the package name.
• The <manifest> contains 1 <application> element.
• The <awarding> chemical element specifies the icon, characterization (the app's championship) and theme of this application. It contains one or more <activity> elements.
• This awarding has one activity. The <activeness> chemical element declares its program name ("MainActivity" in current packet "."). Information technology may contain <intent-filter>.
• The <intent-filter> declares that this activity is the entry signal (android.intent.action.MAIN) of the application. This activeness is to be added to the awarding launcher (android.intent.category.LAUNCHER).

Hello-World using "XML Layout"

Instead of writing Java codes to create the user interface (UI) (as in the above example using a TextView component). Information technology is more flexible and therefore recommended to layout your UI components via a descriptive XML layout file. In this way, you don't need to hardcode the views, and y'all tin can easily modify the look and feel of the application by editing the XML markups. The Java codes tin can therefore focus on the business organisation logic.

Let'southward rewrite our hello-globe to use XML layout.

Step 1: Create a New Android App

CLOSE the previous projection, via "File" ⇒ "Close Projection" (Always CLOSE the previous project before starting a new project).

Cull "Start a new Android Studio projection" ⇒ "Phone and Tablet" ⇒ "Empty Activity" ⇒ Next ⇒ Set "Proper name" to "Hello Android XML" ⇒ "Cease".

Stride 2: Define the Layout in XML File "res\layout\activity_main.xml"

Aggrandize the "app", "res (resources)", "layout" node. Open up the "activity_main.xml" (which is actually already opened). Android Studio provides 3 views for this XML file: "Design (or Graphical)", "Code (or XML)", or "Split" - selectable by the icons at the top-right corner of the panel.

Select the "Lawmaking" view and study the codes:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-viii"?> <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"     xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"     xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"     android:layout_width="match_parent"     android:layout_height="match_parent"     tools:context=".MainActivity">          <TextView         android:layout_width="wrap_content"         android:layout_height="wrap_content"         android:text="Howdy World!"            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"         app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"         app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"         app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />          </androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>        

The XML declares a TextView (text field) that holds a text string "Hello World!". The TextView component has width and height big enough to hold its content ("wrap_content").

Step 3: Defining String References and Values in XML File "res\values\cord.xml"

Instead of hardcoding the Hello-World string directly within the TextView (as in the higher up XML file), nosotros shall use a string reference (or variable) for improve flexibility.

Expand res/values node. Open strings.xml, and Add the line in scarlet:

<resource>     <string proper noun="app_name">Hello Android XML</string>          <string proper noun="hullo">How-do-you-do world from XML!</cord>          </resources>

This "string.xml" defines two variables/values:

• A string variable "app_name" contains the application's name, that yous entered when y'all created the project.
• A string variable "hello" contains the value of "Howdy world from XML!".

Now, alter the "activity_main.xml" to employ the string variable "hi", in the format "@cord/hello", every bit follows:

          ......     <TextView         android:layout_width="wrap_content"         android:layout_height="wrap_content"         android:text="            @string/hello          "          ...... />     ......

Pace 4: Program the Activity in "MainActivity.java"

Next, bank check the "MainActitivy.java" (under app/java/com.case.helloandroidxml), as follows:

package ......;   import ......;   public class MainActivity extends ...... {     @Override     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);          setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);               } }

The "MainActivity" sets its content-view to "R.layout.activity_main", which is mapped to the XML layout file "res\layout\activity_main.xml" that we have modified before.

Pace five: Run the App

Run the application. Y'all shall come across the new string "Hello, from XML!" displayed.

Uninstall Android Studio IDE and Android SDK

Android is huge. You probably want to remove it after your project sessions.

(For Windows)

• Run "Command Panel" ⇒ "Programs and Features" ⇒ Uninstall "Android Studio"; or remove the Aught installed files.
• Delete:
  • C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk (this directory contains the SDK and is huge, virtually 5GB)
  • C:\Users\username\.android
  • C:\Users\username\.AndroidStudioX.10
  • C:\Users\username\.gradle
  • C:\Users\username\AndroidStudioProjects (these are the Android projects written by yous)

(For macOS)

[TODO]

REFERENCES & Resource

1. Android Developer @ http://developer.android.com/index.html.
2. "Android Guides" @ http://programmer.android.com/guide/index.html.
3. Android "API Reference" @ https://developer.android.com/reference/packages.html.

Latest version tested: Android 12 (S), Android Studio 2021
Last modified: March, 2022

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Source: https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/android/Android_HowTo.html

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